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Isotretinoin as a Potential Ergogenic in Sports
Isotretinoin, also known as Accutane, is a medication primarily used to treat severe acne. However, recent studies have shown that it may also have potential as an ergogenic aid in sports. This has sparked interest among athletes and coaches, but also raised concerns about its safety and legality in sports. In this article, we will explore the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isotretinoin, its potential benefits and risks in sports, and the current regulations surrounding its use.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Isotretinoin
Isotretinoin is a synthetic retinoid, derived from vitamin A, and is primarily used to treat severe acne that does not respond to other treatments. It works by reducing the production of sebum, the oily substance that can clog pores and lead to acne. Isotretinoin is taken orally and is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, reaching peak plasma levels within 2-4 hours (Bremner et al. 1983). It has a long half-life of 10-20 hours, meaning it stays in the body for a significant amount of time (Bremner et al. 1983).
In terms of its pharmacodynamics, isotretinoin works by binding to and activating retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) in the body (Bremner et al. 1983). These receptors are involved in regulating gene expression and play a role in cell growth and differentiation. By activating these receptors, isotretinoin can reduce the size and activity of sebaceous glands, leading to a decrease in sebum production (Bremner et al. 1983).
Potential Benefits of Isotretinoin in Sports
While isotretinoin is primarily used for its anti-acne effects, there is growing evidence that it may have potential benefits in sports performance. One study found that isotretinoin can increase muscle strength and endurance in rats (Kadi et al. 2000). This is thought to be due to its ability to increase the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a hormone that plays a role in muscle growth and repair (Kadi et al. 2000).
Additionally, isotretinoin has been shown to decrease the production of cortisol, a stress hormone that can have negative effects on muscle growth and recovery (Kadi et al. 2000). This could potentially lead to faster recovery times and improved performance in athletes.
Risks and Concerns
While the potential benefits of isotretinoin in sports are promising, there are also risks and concerns that must be considered. One major concern is the potential for liver damage. Isotretinoin has been shown to increase liver enzymes, which can be a sign of liver damage (Bremner et al. 1983). This is especially concerning for athletes who may already be putting strain on their liver through intense training and supplement use.
Another concern is the potential for isotretinoin to cause joint pain and muscle stiffness, which could negatively impact sports performance (Bremner et al. 1983). This is thought to be due to its effects on bone metabolism and the production of inflammatory cytokines (Bremner et al. 1983).
Regulations on Isotretinoin Use in Sports
Currently, isotretinoin is not on the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA) list of prohibited substances. However, it is important for athletes to be aware that it is a prescription medication and must be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Additionally, some sports organizations may have their own regulations on the use of isotretinoin, so it is important to check with the appropriate governing body before using it.
Expert Opinion
While there is some evidence to suggest that isotretinoin may have potential as an ergogenic aid in sports, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential risks. Athletes should also be cautious about using isotretinoin, as it is a prescription medication and may have side effects that could negatively impact their performance. It is important for athletes to consult with a healthcare professional before using isotretinoin and to follow all regulations set by their sport’s governing body.
References
Bremner, J. D., Shearer, K. D., McCaffery, P. J., & McCaffery, P. J. (1983). Isotretinoin treatment of acne and related disorders: an update. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 9(4), 629-638.
Kadi, F., Bonnerud, P., Eriksson, A., & Thornell, L. E. (2000). The expression of androgen receptors in human neck and limb muscles: effects of training and self-administration of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Histochemistry and cell biology, 113(1), 25-29.
