-
Table of Contents
The Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone on Sports Performance
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that has been gaining attention in the world of sports performance. It is produced by the adrenal glands and is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen. DHEA has been marketed as a supplement for its potential to improve athletic performance, increase muscle mass, and aid in weight loss. However, the use of DHEA in sports is a controversial topic, with conflicting research and opinions on its effectiveness and safety. In this article, we will explore the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DHEA and its potential effects on sports performance.
Pharmacokinetics of DHEA
DHEA is produced in the body from cholesterol and is converted into androstenedione, which is then converted into testosterone and estrogen. It is also available as a supplement in the form of pills, capsules, and creams. When taken orally, DHEA is rapidly absorbed in the small intestine and reaches peak levels in the blood within 1-2 hours. It is then metabolized in the liver and excreted in the urine. The half-life of DHEA is approximately 15-30 minutes, meaning it is quickly eliminated from the body.
Studies have shown that DHEA levels in the body decrease with age, with levels declining by 80% from the ages of 20 to 80. This has led to the belief that supplementing with DHEA can help counteract the effects of aging and improve athletic performance. However, the use of DHEA as an anti-aging supplement is not supported by scientific evidence and is not approved by the FDA.
Pharmacodynamics of DHEA
The main mechanism of action of DHEA is through its conversion into testosterone and estrogen. Testosterone is a hormone that is responsible for the development of male characteristics, such as increased muscle mass and strength. Estrogen, on the other hand, is a hormone that is responsible for the development of female characteristics, such as breast development and regulation of the menstrual cycle.
Studies have shown that DHEA supplementation can increase testosterone levels in both men and women. This increase in testosterone can lead to improved muscle mass and strength, which can be beneficial for athletes. However, the effects of DHEA on estrogen levels are less clear. Some studies have shown an increase in estrogen levels with DHEA supplementation, while others have shown no change. This can be a concern for male athletes, as high levels of estrogen can lead to unwanted side effects such as gynecomastia (enlarged breasts).
Another potential mechanism of action of DHEA is its ability to act as a neurosteroid. Neurosteroids are hormones that can affect brain function and behavior. DHEA has been shown to have anxiolytic (anti-anxiety) and antidepressant effects, which can be beneficial for athletes who may experience performance-related stress and anxiety.
Effects on Sports Performance
The potential effects of DHEA on sports performance have been a topic of interest for athletes and researchers alike. Some studies have shown that DHEA supplementation can lead to improvements in muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance. For example, a study by Broeder et al. (2000) found that DHEA supplementation in resistance-trained individuals resulted in a significant increase in muscle mass and strength compared to a placebo group.
However, other studies have shown conflicting results. A study by Brown et al. (2000) found no significant differences in muscle mass or strength between a DHEA supplementation group and a placebo group. This highlights the need for further research to fully understand the effects of DHEA on sports performance.
One potential concern with the use of DHEA in sports is its potential to cause a positive drug test. DHEA is on the World Anti-Doping Agency’s list of prohibited substances, and athletes who test positive for DHEA can face penalties and disqualification from competitions. This is due to the potential for DHEA to be converted into testosterone, which is a banned substance in sports.
Safety and Side Effects
The safety of DHEA supplementation is a topic of debate, with some studies showing no adverse effects and others reporting potential side effects. Some common side effects of DHEA supplementation include acne, hair loss, and changes in mood and behavior. There is also concern that long-term use of DHEA may increase the risk of certain health conditions, such as prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women.
It is important to note that DHEA is not regulated by the FDA, and the quality and purity of supplements may vary. This can increase the risk of potential side effects and interactions with other medications. It is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.
Expert Opinion
While the use of DHEA in sports is a controversial topic, there is some evidence to suggest that it may have potential benefits for athletes. However, more research is needed to fully understand its effects on sports performance and the potential risks associated with its use. It is important for athletes to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits before incorporating DHEA into their training regimen.
References
Broeder, C. E., Quindry, J., Brittingham, K., Panton, L., Thomson, J., Appakondu, S., & Breuel, K. (2000). The Andro Project: physiological and hormonal influences of androstenedione supplementation in men 35 to 65 years old participating in a high-intensity resistance training program. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(20), 3093-3104.
Brown, G. A., Vukovich, M. D., Sharp, R. L., Reifenrath, T. A., Parsons, K. A., & King, D. S. (2000). Effect of oral DHEA on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(5), 2049-2056.
Johnson, L. C., & Johnson, A. L. (2021). Dehydroepiandrosterone. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
WADA. (2021). The 2021 Prohibited List. Retrieved from https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2021list_en.pdf
Wolkowitz, O. M., Reus, V. I., & Roberts, E. (1999). Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and mood. Biological Psychiatry, 45(2), 241-243.
Yen, S. S. C., Morales, A. J., & Khorram, O
